[LintCode/LeetCode] Clone Graph [BFS/DFS]

摘要：开始看这道题目的时候，没有看懂和的作用。然后对这个放入的结点开始操作遍历的所有，当前遍历到的的叫做。当完成，则中没有新的结点了，退出循环。返回在中更新过的，结束。

Clone an undirected graph. Each node in the graph contains a label and a list of its neighbors.

We use # as a separator for each node, and , as a separator for node label and each neighbor of the node.

return a deep copied graph.

How we serialize an undirected graph.
Nodes are labeled uniquely.
As an example, consider the serialized graph {0,1,2#1,2#2,2}.

The graph has a total of three nodes, and therefore contains three parts as separated by #.

First node is labeled as 0. Connect node 0 to both nodes 1 and 2.
Second node is labeled as 1. Connect node 1 to node 2.
Third node is labeled as 2. Connect node 2 to node 2 (itself), thus forming a self-cycle.
Visually, the graph looks like the following:

   1
  / 
 /   
0 --- 2
     / 
     \_/

开始看这道题目的时候，没有看懂queue和hashmap的作用。
复制一个无向图，先分析图的结构：label相当于图结点的value，而neighbors相当于图结点的所有next。然后考虑用什么方式复制：用queue用来标记当前正在复制的或已经复制过的结点cur，而hashmap用来进行对新建无向图结点root进行复制label和neighbors的操作。首先，从node结点开始，放入queue。然后对这个放入queue的结点cur开始操作：遍历cur的所有neighbors，当前遍历到的的neighbors叫做next。若map中不存在这个点，即没有被复制过，就在map中复制这个结点next的label，同时存入queue以便在下次循环取出并复制其neighbors；无论map中包不包含这个neighbors结点next，都要将next加入map中对应新建结点root的neighbors。当BFS完成，则queue中没有新的结点了，退出while循环。返回在map中更新过的root，结束。
map.get(cur).neighbors.add(map.get(next));
这一句可以理解为，在for循环对cur的neighbors的遍历中，先在HashMap里的root中建立新结点next，再将next放进root的结点cur的neighbors里。

// Definition for undirected graph.
class UndirectedGraphNode {
    int label;ArrayList neighbors;
    UndirectedGraphNode(int x) { 
        label = x; 
        neighbors = new ArrayList(); 
    }
}

public class Solution {
    public UndirectedGraphNode cloneGraph(UndirectedGraphNode node) {
        if (node == null) return null;
        UndirectedGraphNode root = new UndirectedGraphNode(node.label);//复制根节点
        Queue queue = new LinkedList<>();
        Map map = new HashMap<>();
        queue.offer(node);//queue放入根结点
        map.put(node, root);//map放入根结点和它的复制结点
        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
            UndirectedGraphNode cur = queue.poll();//取出queue中（同一层）的结点进行BFS
            for (UndirectedGraphNode n: cur.neighbors) {
                //对没有复制过的结点进行复制，并将这个结点放入queue
                if (!map.containsKey(n)) {
                    map.put(n, new UndirectedGraphNode(n.label));
                    queue.offer(n);
                }
                //连接复制结点和复制neighbor结点
                map.get(cur).neighbors.add(map.get(n));
            }
        }
        return root;
    }
}

public class Solution {
    public UndirectedGraphNode cloneGraph(UndirectedGraphNode node) {
        if (node == null) return node;

        Map map = new HashMap<>();
        map.put(node, new UndirectedGraphNode(node.label));                     //: <原结点, 复制结点>
        
        Queue queue = new LinkedList<>();
        queue.offer(node);                                                      //copy过的结点存入queue，以继续遍历其neighbor结点
        
        while (!queue.isEmpty()) {
            UndirectedGraphNode cur = queue.poll();                             //取出copy过的结点，继续复制其所有neighbor结点
            for (UndirectedGraphNode neighbor: cur.neighbors) {
                if (!map.containsKey(neighbor)) {                               //若结点未复制过，copy后存入queue
                    map.put(neighbor, new UndirectedGraphNode(neighbor.label));
                    queue.offer(neighbor);
                }
                map.get(cur).neighbors.add(map.get(neighbor));                  //将每个copied neighbor存入copied parent node
            }
        }
        return map.get(node);                                                   //返回copied根节点
    }
}

DFS

public class Solution {
   public UndirectedGraphNode cloneGraph(UndirectedGraphNode node) {
        Map map = new HashMap<>();
        return cloneNode(node, map);
    }
    private UndirectedGraphNode cloneNode(UndirectedGraphNode node, Map map) {
        if (node == null) return node;
        if (map.containsKey(node)) {
            return map.get(node);
        } else {
            UndirectedGraphNode nodeCopy = new UndirectedGraphNode(node.label);
            map.put(node, nodeCopy);
            for (UndirectedGraphNode child : node.neighbors) {
                nodeCopy.neighbors.add(cloneNode(child, map));
            }
            return nodeCopy;
        }
    }
}