[JavaScript 学习笔记] 2. 继承

摘要：第二个问题是在创建子类型的实例时，不能向超类型的构造函数中传递参数。实际上，应该说是没有办法在不影响所有对象实例的情况下，给炒类型的构造函数传递参数。借用构造函数伪造对象或经典继承即在子类型构造函数的内部调用超类型构造函数。

许多 OO 语言支持两种继承方式：接口继承和实现继承。接口继承只继承方法签名，而实现继承则继承实际的方法。如前所述，由于函数没有签名，在 ECMAScript 中无法实现接口继承。 ECMAScript 只支持实现继承，而且其实现继承主要是依靠原型链来实现。

基本思想是：利用原型让一个引用类型继承另一个引用类型的属性和方法。
构造函数、原型和实例的关系：每个构造函数都有一个原型对象，原型对象都包含一个指向构造函数的指针，而实例都包含一个指向原型对象的内部指针。

jsfunction SuperType() {
    this.property = true;
}
SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function() {
    return this.property;
};

function SubType() {
    this.subproperty = false;
}

//继承了 SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();

SuperType.prototype.getSubValue = function() {
    return this.subproperty;
}

var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue());//true

jsalert(instance instanceof Object); //true
alert(instance instanceof SuperType); //true
alert(instance instanceof SubType); //true

jsalert(Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance));//ture
alert(SuperType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance));//ture
alert(SubType.prototype.isPrototypeOf(instance));//ture

jsfunction SuperType() {
this.property = true;
}

SuperType.protype.getSuperValue = function() {
return this.property;
}

function SubType() {
this.subproperty = false;
}
//继承了 SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
//添加新方法
SubType.prototype.getSubValue = function() {
return this.subproperty;
};
//重写超类型中的方法
SubType.prototype.getSuperValue = function() {
return false;
};

var instance = new SubType();

alert(instance.getSuperValue());//false

jsfunction SuperType() {
this.property = true;
}

SuperType.prototype.getSuperValue = function() {
return this.property;
}

function SubType() {
this.subproperty = false;
}

//继承了 SuperType
SubType.prototype = new SuperType();

//使用字变量添加新方法，会导致上一行代码无效
SubType.prototype = {
getSubValue : function() {
    return this.subproperty;
},
someOtherMethod = function() {
    return false;
}
};

var instance = new SubType();
alert(instance.getSuperValue()); //error 原型链被切断（现在的原型包含的是 Object 的实例）。

jsfunction SuperType() {
    this.colors = ["red","blue","green"];
}

function SubType() {
    //继承了 SuperType
    SuperType.call(this);
}

var instance1 = new SubType();
instance1.colors.push("black");
alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"

var instance2 = new SubType();
alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"

js    function SuperType(name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    function SubType() {
        //继承了 SuperType,同时还传递了参数
        SuperType.call(this,"PaddingMe");

        //实例属性
        this.age = 25;
    }

    var instance = new SubType();

    alert(instance.name); //"PaddingMe"
    alert(instance.age); //25

js    function SuperType(name) {
        this.name = name;
        this.colors = ["red","blue","green"];
    }

    SuperType.prototype.sayName = function() {
        alert(this.name);
    }

    function SubType() {
        //继承属性
        SuperType.call(this,name);

        this.age = age;
    }

    SubType.prototype = new SuperType();
    SubType.prototype.constuctor = SubType();
    SubType.prototype.sayAge = function() {
        alert(this.age);
    }

    var instance1 = new("PaddingMe",25);
    instance1.colors.push("black");
    alert(instance1.colors); //"red,blue,green,black"
    instance1.sayName; //"PaddingMe"
    instance1.sayAge; //25


    var instance2 = new("hw",26);
    alert(instance2.colors); //"red,blue,green"
    instance2.sayName; //"hw"
    instance2.sayAge; //26

js    function object(o) {
        function F(){}
        F.prototype = o;
        return new F();
    }
    var person = {
        name : "PaddingMe";
        friends ：["hw","wjj","hz"];
    }

    var antherPerson = object(person);
    antherPerson.name = "Hhb";
    antherPerson.friends.push("zxp");

    var yetAntherPerson = object(person);
    yetAntherPerson.name = "Linda";
    yetAntherPerson.friends.push("him");

    alert(person.friends)//"hw,wjj,hz,zxp,him"

js    var person = {
        name : "PaddingMe";
        friends ：["hw","wjj","hz"];
    }
    var antherPerson = Object.create(person);
    antherPerson.name = "Hhb";
    antherPerson.friends.push("zxp");

    var yetAntherPerson = Object.create(person);
    yetAntherPerson.name = "Linda";
    yetAntherPerson.friends.push("him");

    alert(person.friends)//"hw,wjj,hz,zxp,him"

js    var person = {
        name : "PaddingMe";
        friends ：["hw","wjj","hz"];
    }

    var anthorPerson = Object.create(person, {
        name: {
            value:"hehe";
        }
    })

    alert(anthorPerson.name);//"hehe"

js    function createAnother(original) {
        var clone = object(original); //通过调用函数创建一个新对象
        clone.sayHi = function() { //以某种方式来增强这个对象
            alert("hi");
        };
        return clone; //返回这个对象
    }

    var person = {
        name : "PaddingMe";
        friends ：["hw","wjj","hz"];
    }

    var anthorPerson = createAnother(person);
    anthorPerson.sayHi();//"hi"

jsfunction SuperType(name) {
    this.name = name;
    this.colors = ["red","blue","green"];
}

SuperType.prototype.sayName = function() {
    alert(this.name);
}

function SubType(name,age) {
    SuperType.call(this,name); //第二次调用SuperType();

    this.age = age;
}

SubType.prototype = new SuperType(); // 第一次调用SuperType();

SubType.prototype.constuctor = SubType;

SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){
    alert(this.age);
}

js    function inheritPrototype(subType,superType){
        var prototype = object(superType.prototype); //创建对象
        prototype.constructor = subType; //增强对象
        subType.prototype = prototype; // 指定对象
    }

jsfunction SuperType(name) {
    this.name = name;
    this.colors = ["red","blue","green"];
}

SuperType.prototype.sayName = function() {
    alert(this.name);
}

function SubType(name,age) {
    SuperType.call(this,name); //第二次调用SuperType();

    this.age = age;
}

inheritPrototype(SubType,SuperType);

SubType.prototype.sayAge = function(){
    alert(this.age);
}